Selective border permeability: Governing complex environmental issues through and beyond COVID-19.

COVID-19 has changed the permeability of borders in transboundary environmental governance regimes. While borders have always been selectively permeable, the pandemic has reconfigured the nature of cross-border flows of people, natural resources, finances and technologies. This has altered the availability of spaces for enacting sustainability initiatives within and between countries. In Southeast Asia, national governments and businesses seeking to expedite economic recovery from the pandemic-induced recession have selectively re-opened borders by accelerating production and revitalizing agro-export growth. Widening regional inequities have also contributed to increased cross-border flows of illicit commodities, such as trafficked wildlife. At the same time, border restrictions under the exigencies of controlling the pandemic have led to a rolling back and scaling down of transboundary environmental agreements, regulations and programs, with important implications for environmental democracy, socio-ecological justice and sustainability. Drawing on evidence from Southeast Asia, the article assesses the policy challenges and opportunities posed by the shifting permeability of borders for organising and operationalising environmental activities at different scales of transboundary governance.

Risiko kredit risiko pasar dan kinerja keuangan perbankan pada masa pandemi COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic began to spread in Indonesia in March 2020. This caused a number of industrial sectors in Indonesia to experience a decrease in financial performance. One of the sectors that experienced a decline in financial performance was the banking sector. This study has purpose to determine the effect of credit risk and market risk on financial performance in commercial banks registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the first until fourth quarters of 2020. The samples in this study is 35 banks. The sample is obtained by purposive sampling method. The method of analysis in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. From the results of the study simultaneously credit risk and market risk affect financial performance. credit risk negatively affects financial performance. while market risk has a positive effect on financial performance